中国水稻百年育种的一些关键基因

doi:10.3969/j.issn. 1006- -8082.2022.02.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

水稻育种就是培育具有新的或者改良性状的品种。而育种的本质,就是聚合有利基因或有利基因型集合。回顾我国百余年的水稻育种,每次跨越式突破,都是一些核心基因发挥了关键性作用。半矮秆基因sd1、野败细胞质雄性不育基因WA352及恢复基因Rf3和Rf4、光温敏核不育基因pms3或温敏核不育基因tms5的发掘和利用分别导致了中国水稻育种的三次跨越式突破——矮秆水稻的育成、三系法杂交水稻和两系法杂交水稻的发明。当前正在研究的一些关键基因, 例如Pi-n、Wx、ALK、Chalk5、fgr、S5-n在抗病、优质、籼粳亚种间杂种优势育种上也表现出良好结果。因此,作者预测将来的抗除草剂、抗虫、耐热、耐冷、抗倒、耐盐碱等育种必将由一些关键基因（家属）的发掘和利用所推动。

关键词: 水稻, 育种, 关键基因, 中国

Abstract:

The goal of rice breeding is to develop a new variety or to improve desired traits. The nature of the rice breeding is to integrate all the superior genes or genotypes and to develop a new variety/genotype. China’s modern rice breeding program was originated in the 1920’s and has gone through one-hundred-year history. Breaking-through of rice yield in each decade mostly are attributed to some well known key genes. Semidwarf gene sd1 played an important roles in developing high yield rice variety（eg IR8） and promoting the “green revolution” in south and south-east Asian. Wild abortion cytoplasmic male sterility gene WA352 and restoring gene Rf3/Rf4 played critical roles in three-line hybrid rice breeding technology, which resulted in the successful commercialization of the hybrid rice in China. The discovery, development, application of photo-thermo-sensitive genic male sterile gene pms3 and/or thermo-sensitive genic male sterile gene tms5 resulted in successful production of two-line hybrid rice breeding technology. The currently discovering and studying of Pi-n, Wx, ALK, Chalk5, fgr, S5-n in developing disease-resistent, better grain quality and intersubspecfic heterosis between Indica and Japonica hybrid breeding technology shows promising results in commercial rice production stage. We speculate that herbicide-resistant, insect-resistant, heat- or cold-tolerant, lodge-resistant, and saline-alkali-tolerant genes will play an important role in breeding next-generation rice variety.

Key words: rice, breeding, key gene, China

中图分类号:

S511.03

刘定富, 尹合兴, 应继锋. 中国水稻百年育种的一些关键基因[J]. 中国稻米, 2022, 28(2): 1-11.

LIU Dingfu, YIN Hexing, YING Jifeng. Key Genes in Century Rice Breeding in China[J]. China Rice, 2022, 28(2): 1-11.

图/表 6

表1 sd1基因座上的等位变异

表2 Rf3和Rf4定位研究结果

表3 pmc3 和tms5 定位研究结果

表4 人工诱变和基因编辑获得的抗除草剂水稻突变体

表5 编辑过的水稻主效基因（截至2021年）

表6 已导致和可能导致水稻育种革命的主效基因

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